Dynamics are indicators of the relative intensity or volume of a musical line.
– Pianississimo
Extremely soft. Very infrequently does one see softer dynamics than this, which are specified with additional “PS”.– Pianissimo
Very soft. Usually the softest indication in a piece of music, though softer dynamics are often specified with additional “PS”.– Piano
Soft. Usually the most often used indication.– Mezzo piano
Literally, half as soft as piano.– Mezzo forte
Similarly, half as loud as forte. If no dynamic appears, mezzo forte is assumed the prevailing dynamic level.– Forte
Loud. Used as often as piano to indicate contrast.– Fortissimo
Very loud. Usually the loudest indication in a piece, though louder dynamics are often specified with additional “fs” (such as fortississimo – shown below).– Fortississimo
Extremely loud. Very infrequently does one see louder dynamics than this, which are specified with additional “fs”.– Sforzando
Literally “forced“, denotes an abrupt, fierce accent on a single sound or chord. When written out in full, it applies to the sequence of sounds or chords under or over which it is placed.– Crescendo
A gradual increase in volume; can be extended under many notes to indicate that the volume steadily increases during the passage.– Diminuendo (also decrescendo)
A gradual decrease in volume. Can be extended in the same manner as crescendo.
Other commonly used dynamics build upon these values. For example “pianississimo” represented as ‘ppp‘ meaning so softly as to be almost inaudible, and fortississimo, (‘fff‘) meaning extremely loud. In some countries, use of this dynamic has been virtually outlawed as endangering the hearing of the performers.
– Forte-piano
A section of music in which the music should initially be played loudly (forte), then immediately softly (piano). Another value that rarely appears is niente, which means ‘nothing‘. This may be used at the end of a diminuendo to indicate ‘fade out to nothing‘.– Subito
A small “s” in front of the dynamic notations means “subito“, and means that the dynamic is to be changed to the new notation rapidly. Subito is commonly used with sforzandos, but all other notations, most commonly as “sff” (subito fortissimo) or “spp” (subito pianissimo).
Dynamics with 3 letters (i.e. ppp & fff) are often referred to by adding an extra ‘iss‘. This is wrong in the same way as ‘loudestest‘ is in English (There is no word like Loudestest in English; this means fff is impossible unless the players wouldn’t mind to get their ears damaged. But ppp could be possible because it will be close to silence but not completely silent, but here, the players would find it a bit difficult to sound a clear/correct note).
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